Saturday, January 25, 2020

The Use Of Child Soldiers In Warfare Criminology Essay

The Use Of Child Soldiers In Warfare Criminology Essay When looked back upon our childhood, memories of playgrounds, games and friends are often remembered, not even in our darkest nightmares would we imagine having to fight in warfare. Instead of playing sports, many children are forced to carry weapons, act as spies, decoys, and assassins. In addition to traditional warfare, children clear minefields, act as suicide bombers, and serve as messengers and sex slaves. Almost 5,000 children are still in military groups within Sierra Leone, and Myanmar, also known as Burma, holds an estimated 50,000 child soldiers. Despite the fact that many humanitarian organizations like UNICEF and CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) have focused on this issue for decades, it is only in the last few years that international media organizations started sending pictures of eight-year-old children carrying AK-47s in the jungle of Sudan to the living rooms of people in the United States and Europe. In the last decade, more than two million children have been killed due to participation in warfare. An astounding forty-one countries in the world have children under the age of 18, and sometimes much younger are used in warfare by rebel groups and even by governments. They are denied basic human rights and are often abused terribly, and the practice of training young children to destroy and kill perpetuates cycles of violence in war-torn countries. The chronic problem occurs when former child soldiers are rehabilitated into society and are unable to socially adapt with other people, for example, shell shock. Despite this sad reality that child soldiers face, it remains very difficult to enforce child soldier laws on an international, national and regional laws. When countries release child soldiers from military service, they often lack the resources to help them through the transition. Trained in war, children are psychologically damaged and need rehabilitation. They are often ost racized by their own families or communities. They will often return to violence unless they receive help. The Problem in Sudan Sudan, the largest country in Africa, with more than 10,000 children serving in military organizations, clearly illustrates all of the issues facing children in warfare. The Juvenile Care Council Sudanese, an official government agency, often takes children into custody directly off the street. Children out running errands or playing are scooped up and quickly forced into military camps. The government does not attempt to notify a childs family, who may not see the child again for several years. If a child manages to escape the clutches of the military, he or she is at risk of being picked up by the other side, Sudans rebel armyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA). Childrens rights while they are serving as soldiers in Sudan are violated in a number of ways. Beyond the forcible capture, reports indicate that while in government custody children are denied their rights of religious freedom and forced to take a Muslim name and to convert to Islam. On the other side, the SPLA rebel organization often recruits with promises of food and then forces its new recruits to walk hundreds of miles from their homes. The problems in Sudan are deep rooted. The government denies any use of children and instead points to a Sudanese law that prohibits the recruitment of anyone under the age of eighteen into the military. the rebel group SPLA is hidden in the shadows of the country and out of the control of the government, international observers, and aid workers. Forced Recruitment Schools become a source of military manpower, and government forces as well as rebel forces often snatch children right from their desks. Although this kind of abduction is a common tactic, it is rarely documented and therefore difficult to regulate. During their recruitment children often experience extreme brutality, such as being forced to witness or participate in their parents executions, or suffering beatings from their captors. Tragically, in addition to losing their families, many lose their identity as they are forced to forget their names, ages, and the towns or villages they came from. Obedience Once captured, drafted, or volunteered, a child undergoes training that is often incredibly brutal and intended to desensitize him or her to violence and ensure compliance. Reports in Central America found that children are forced to kill animals and drink their blood. They are burned with cigarettes, beaten, verbally abused, and even killed if they resist. Children are also taught to abuse and kill each other for disobedience. Resistance to abide orders and attempts to escape are met with brutality, often losing an ear or limb for their actions. Since a childs home community may associate such injuries with violent rebel groups, the community often rejects the child, these scars in themselves can prevent children from returning home. In addition, child combatants often suffer from post-traumatic stress and may continue their violence outside of war, withdraw from social interactions, and suffer from nightmares and hallucinations. A child who has witnessed violence and brutality may need assistance in healing from guilt, anger, fear, and hatred to lessen the chances that he or she will return to violence. In many cases child soldiers have been written off as a lost generation with no hope of emotional and physical rehabilitation. Debating the Numbers Overall, the lack of agreement on the age of majority poses an obstacle for counting the number of children soldiers and also for establishing international guidelines to prevent child militias. estimates on the numbers of children active in some capacity of war range from 87 countries with close to one million children in combat, to 30 countries with 300,000 children active in war. Why Children? Causes and Consequences Economic Conditions: Economics also play a crucial role in the formation of child soldiers as families with the lowest incomes are most vulnerable to military recruiters and abductors. Lack of education, the inability to pay off the recruiters, being orphaned, the need of the family for income from the military, and many other factors of poverty make a child easy prey to harsh and dangerous military involvement. Children who grow up in poverty without clean water, safe shelter, and education are the most vulnerable. Forced recruitment tends to target poorer children. While poverty-stricken families have few resources and little recourse for finding and retrieving a child taken by a military organization, wealthier families can send their children out of the country for educational purposes, bribe authorities to release their child, or buy out their childs obligation to a military operation. in Sudan, the SPLA provides grand illusions of food and safety, causing parents to relinquish their children freely because they believe their lives may actually be better in a militia. On the other side, children appeal to military groups who are strapped for resources. They tend to be more economical, since they eat less and demand lower wages, if they are even paid. If a child is paid he may earn an important salary and contribute to the well-being and continued existence of an entire family. Political Situations: There are a variety of reasons why children are dragged into this horrific lifestyle and are unable to escape. Many of these reasons are internal conflicts, which may include ethnic conflicts, revenge for murdered family members and even due to propaganda promoting violence. However, the most likely reason is due to a shortage of adult fighters because of many long years of civil wars within war-torn countries. Government publicity actions in times of war can be an additional source of the problem. The use of parades, propaganda, rallies, and even anthems and pledges teach children that war is an honorable activity and that soldiers have exciting and rewarding duties. Good Things Come in Small Packages Unfortunately, the very nature of childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬not being fully grown either physically or emotionallyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬plays a contributing factor. physical size often contributes to capture; kids are easier to transport than adults. Children are also less likely to attract suspicion and can easily plant bombs and engage in intelligence-gathering operations. If apprehended, children often face less harsh punishments from the law than do their adult counterparts. An additional benefit for a military or rebel group is that adult soldiers of the other side may not fire on child soldiers. The International Arms Trade The international trade in small arms is intricately tied to the issue of children in warfare. Technology has in recent years created smaller guns, plastic explosives, hand grenades, and overall lighter weapons. Children are more able to handle the new instruments of warfare. For example, assault rifles like the Russian-built AK-47 and the American M-16 are easy to carry and to use. These new weapons are also less expensive. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development found that in some African countries the guns sell for US$6 apiece. Some observers argue that countries that sell these weapons aggravate the problem as they continue their very profitable sale of small arms to governments or groups supported by governments who employ children as combatants. Preventions: Crime without Punishment Despite the fact that popular international attention is only beginning to focus on children in armed conflict, efforts to prevent children from participating in warfare are more than 70 years old. The issues revolve around what rights children have, if these rights compete with the rights of parents, and what rights countries have to form and recruit their own militaries. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child prohibits the forced recruitment of all children under 18, yet still allows a government to accept volunteers at 16. The United States, like most countries, argues that it is its sovereign right to form an army of its choosing. Recent History and the Future The Future of Children in Combat: Good News and Bad Depending on where you look, the future for preventing the involvement of children in warfare is encouraging. In the spring of 2001 the SPLA in Sudan released 3,500 children to UNICEF, and in August 2001 all but 70 returned to their homes. A recent poll of Americans found that 75 percent of people surveyed felt that child survival should be both an American and an international priority. there are hundreds of international organizations and non-governmental organizations working on monitoring the use of children in warfare, negotiating their treatment while in combat, and assisting in their reintroduction to civilian life. Organizations like UNICEF, UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), the International Committee for the Red Cross, the World Food Program, and the International Rescue Committee, as well as private groups like Save the Children and CARE, employ hundreds of doctors, counselors, and researchers to address this problem. Children often prove themselves very adaptable. With medical attention, counseling, and vocational training, many former soldiers return to a normal life. In Sierra Leone, one representative from Amnesty International reports that the majority of them have really improved they are back in schools. Once they are in the right environment, we start to see the change very quickly.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Roll of Communication in Management

Communication is the process of transmitting information and meaning. It is important for managers to develop their communication skills, because it is one major skills needed by managers. The management roles, which are interpersonal, informational, and decisional and the management functions, which are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling all require communication. There are many types of communication. 1. vertical communication. The definition of vertical communication is the flow of information both downward and upward through the organizational chain of command. Some also refer to it as formal communication. Downward communication kind of speaks for itself; top-level management produces decisions that are communicated down to tell employees how to perform their job. 2. upward communication. This is when employees send a message threw the chain of command, to the managers. This type of communication is very good for employees because they feel they are being noticed in the organization. Managers also benefit from this because they learn more about the organization. 3. horizontal communication. Horizontal communication is defined as the flow of information between colleagues and peers. Although it is a form of formal communication, it does not follow a chain of command. Horizontal communication happens when persons of equal rank, if you will, communicate to each other. 4. grapevine communication. It is defined as the flow of information in any direction throughout the organization. This is a form of informal communication. This can flow in any direction, at anytime. Rumors get spread this way. Managers can correct situations by sending correct information down the chain of command. The next term I would like to define and describe is the communication process. The communication process consists of a sender who encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it and may give feedback. There are four steps in this process. One, the sender encodes the message and selects the transmission channel. Two, the message is transmitted through a channel. Three, the receiver decodes the message and decides if feedback is needed. Four, feedback, response, or new message may be transmitted through a channel. In defining the first one that is, the sender encodes the message and selects the channel, we must define the different parts of that phrase. Encoding is defined as the sender's process of putting the message into a form that the receiver will understand. When selecting a channel there are three primary communication channels, which are oral, nonverbal, and written. The sender should choose the most appropriate one to warrant the needs of the situation. The second step in the communication process is, the sender transmits the message. After the sender has encoded the message, and selected a channel it is transmitted to the receiver. There are many barriers one being noise. This can confuse the receiver and he or she may not be able to understand it correctly. The third step in the communication process is, the receiver decodes the message and decides if feedback is needed. Decoding is defined as the receiver's process of translating the message into a meaningful form. The receiver decides if there is something needed in return, such as feedback, a response, or a new message. There are many barriers to mess up this step. Some of these are trust, credibility, not listening, and emotional barriers. The forth step in the communication process is feedback: a response or a new message may be transmitted. The role of the receiver and sender can change at anytime during this communication process. There are three different channels to communicate through, oral, non-verbal, and written. Oral communication is verbal communication. You can communicate fast with a one on one oral communication. The amount of time it takes to communicate this way to many persons is where it lacks. Nonverbal communication is messages sent without words. Body language is included in nonverbal communication. Facial expressions and vocal quality are both parts of body language. Written communication provides a record and is usually more accurate then oral communication. Some examples of this are memos, letters, reports, and posters. I would now like to discuss and define feedback. Feedback is the process of verifying messages. You can use feedback to describe the fact that didn't understand the sender's message this is referred to as paraphrasing. The definition of paraphrasing is the process of having the receiver restate the message in his or her own words. Communications management focuses on the efficient and effective management of all ex-change relations between an organization and its stakeholders. Corporate communications as part of the communications management process is about presenting corporate policy, and creating a positive relationship with an organization's environment. Promoting the relationships with all the relevant stakeholders acts as an extremely important tool to gain corporate success and competitive advantage

Thursday, January 9, 2020

PEST Analysis on Shell - 2267 Words

SECTION 1: PEST Analysis Royal Dutch Shell plc also known as Shell is an Anglo-Dutch multinational oil and gas company. It’s headquarter is located in The Hague, Netherland while its registered office is located in London, United Kingdom. Shell is the world’s second largest revenue company and it operates in over 90 countries and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. PEST analysis, â€Å"Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis† is the external macro-environment in which a firm operates. This factors gives an impact to the organisation through the operating period. PEST factors are usually hard to control but the changes in the external environment created a new opportunities and so analysing these factors are easier. This†¦show more content†¦It is similar with other environmental audits such as PEST analysis but, it only forces one product or range of business itself and it is divided into five forces of key areas. Five Forces Analysis looks at five key areas: The Threat of Entry The power of Buyers Powers of Suppliers Threat of Substitutes Competitive Rivalry 1. Threats of Entry In general, new industries and companies would enter into the market and the output would expand, the prices would fall and the profits would be declined. The competitors always find a way to reduce new potential competitors by prosecuting strategies for barriers of entry. The barriers of entry are basically factors that are preventing new potential competitors to enter the market and compete with the firms that are already in the market. High entries of barriers are put to protect the current firms even when they are making profits. This is necessary move to reduce the number of new potential competitors in the market. Economics scale is the cost reduction which was caused by large output, represented by the important barriers of entry. The current industries or companies may enjoy the economics of scale and they may have the advantages over the lack of sales by the new competitors. This happens because the consumer has become loyal to the brand. Brand loyalty is when the consumer prefers the product from these companies thanShow MoreRelatedPest on Unilever1014 Words   |  5 PagesPest Analysis On Unilever - December 2nd, 2010 ________________________________________ Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the worlds consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of Unilever N.V. in Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. This arrangement is similar to those of Reed Elsevier and Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unifiedRead MorePestle Analysis867 Words   |  4 PagesCompiling and Using a â€Å"PESTLE† Analysis 1.1 A PESTLE analysis is a tool that acts as a prompt to the staff and governors involved in the analysis of the developments in the school’s environment that could affect its risk profile. It may help them carry out a more comprehensive analysis. The initials stand for: Political e.g. a new government initiative creates the risk that the school may fail to deliver the policy or be diverted away from local priorities etc. Economic e.g. central or localRead MoreSamsung Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge1299 Words   |  6 Pagesnext half of the year. External Environment The environmental analysis can be evaluated using PEST which is a valuable strategic tool for identifying the business positions, size, growth, feasible route for operations and to classifying the market development and decline. PEST Analysis To gain an understanding of Samsung galaxy s6 and s6 edge business potential, direction of operation and to know future market, we will use PEST analysis. 2.2.1. Political Factors There are many problems which areRead MorePest Analysis1689 Words   |  7 PagesPEST Analyses A PEST analysis (also sometimes called a STEP, PESTLE or STEEP analysis) looks at the external business environment. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological. Technological factors in this case, include ecological / environmental aspects - the second E in STEEP and PESTLE, while legislative factors are included under Political (the L in PESTLE). The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors (and their interplay with each other) on the businessRead MoreShell Fracking1615 Words   |  7 Pages How has Shell s new business strategy of Fracking affected sales growth and how will it affect the profit growth going forward? (not done) Word Count:____ Introduction: Royal Dutch Shell or Shell, which it is commonly called, is a global company which seeks to be the leader in the gas and oil industry. Founded in 1907, Shell’s mission is to deliver the best value to its shareholders, while helping to meet energy demands all around the world. In addition to its roleRead MoreA Short Note On Galaxy S4 And Samsung Galaxy S61778 Words   |  8 Pagesreport in July 2015 that it would be adjusting the price of the S6 and S6 Edge. The company stated that sales of the two devices had a marginal effect on its profits. External Environment The external factors can be evaluated using PEST because PEST analysis is valuable strategic tool for identifying the business positions, size, growth, feasible route for operations and to classifying the market development and decline. 2.1. Basic Characteristics of the Environment - market definition, sizeRead MorePest, Swot And Porter s Five Forces Model Of Competitive Advantage1646 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact upon the organisation (Wendy,1997). Having presented a general overview of the renewable energy industry and some other background, a critical environmental analysis of the industry will be examined using PEST, SWOT and Porter s Five forces model of competitive advantage. 3.1 Political, Economic, Social and Technological (PEST) Analysis 3.1.1 Political Factors The continuing decline in the UK s oil and gas industries has led to an increasing need to import oil and gas (Keynote, 2010). ResultingRead MoreInvesting Analysis for Royal Dutch Shell vs. British Petroleum5483 Words   |  22 PagesINTERNATIONAL FINANCE INVESTING ANALYSIS FOR: ROYAL DUTCH SHELL amp; BP PREPARED BY: ARMI ARFIFI BIN AZMI ATMAN BIN KHAIRULFAZI MOHD NAZRUL BIN AGOS MUHAMMAD AMIRUL MUKMIN BIN NOR HIDAN CONTENTS PREFACE 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 2.0 COMPANY DESCRIPTIONS 6 2.1 SHELL 6 2.2 BP 7 3.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION 8 3.1 Research Problem 8 3.2 Project Objective 9 3.3 Research Question 9 4.0 PEST ANALYSIS 9 5.0 SWOT ANALYSIS 11 6.0 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 14 6.1 Pyramid Of Key Ratios 14 Read MorePest - Assignment3279 Words   |  14 PagesCONTENT PAGE 1. Question Paper 2 2. Introduction 3 3. PEST Analysis 4 (3.1) Political Legal Environment 4 (3.2) Economic Environment 4 (3.3) Social Environment 5 (3.4) Technological Environment 5 4. Industry Analysis 5 5. The Michael Porter Five Forces 6 (5.1) Threat Of New Entrants 7 (5.2) Rivalry of existing firms 7 (5.3) Threats of substitutes 7 (5.4) Bargaining power of buyer 8 (5.5) Bargaining power of suppliers 9 6. ConclusionRead MoreExternal Environment3104 Words   |  13 Pagesexternal environmental forces. The most common and popular techniques are the PEST analysis and Industry Analysis Pest Analysis It is useful to consider as a starting point, what environmental influences have been particularly important in the past, and the extent to which there are changes occurring, which may make any of these more or less significant in the future, for the organization and its competitors. PEST analysis (a mnemonic for Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors)

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

What I Chose For This Outsider Assignment - 2080 Words

The location I chose for this outsider assignment was one of Lewis University’s Rotaract meetings. Rotaract is the collegiate level of Rotary Club, a non-profit organization whose motto is â€Å"Service above self†. The club itself, both collegiate and adult level, dedicates its time and resources towards a wide variety of charitable acts. The meeting I went to was not an informative meeting, rather it was one of the many charity events that the group hosts year round. When I went, the event was called â€Å"Purposeful Purses† and it was taking the time to fill gently used purses with toiletries and some basic necessities in order to donate them to women’s shelters. Generally, such an event would seem like an odd location to conduct this outsider assignment, however, my reason for wanting to be there to see if I would feel like an outsider was influenced by a previous event that occurred a few months before. 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