Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Climate Change Problems For The Fiji Islands Environmental Sciences Essay

This paper explores the hazards that climate alteration airss to the touristry development in Fiji islands. It shows the inauspicious effects of the altering clime and the dangers pose by the touristry activities and besides pose a major jeopardy for the local people in the part. It besides deals with the unsafe C emanations and CO2 consequence on the landscape, nutrient, H2O, energy. Cardinal words: Pacific, clime alteration, C and CO2 emanations.IntroductionThe Pacific is the world`s largest ocean with a surface country of 175 million sq kilometer and constitutes for 40 % of the planet`s Waterss. Located in the tropical latitudes, it covers more than half the globe`s perimeter. Temperature of the surface H2O in the western tropical parts is ever more than 28 ISC over a deepness of several hundred metres. This makes up the world`s storage of thermic energy for exchange with ambiance. Here the interaction between ambiance and ocean is most utmost and influences the clime non merely regionally but planet-wide. The states of the Pacific are obscured human colonies absorbed in this huge fluid existence. The ocean is the most of import factor commanding the environment and life. Hence any alteration in pelagic conditions and climatic alterations are of import for environment and life ( Philander, 1990 ) . The average clime of a part is defined by the mean conditions observed over 3 decennaries or more, sing all features that makes conditions felt by everyone and predicted by meteorologists. The chief features are temperature, air current conditions, atmospheric force per unit area, cloud screen and rainfall. The south Pacific is bounded by an country of low force per unit area near the equator and high force per unit area around 30 S analogue. North-south force per unit area creates the regular air currents in these two countries known as the south-east trades ( Philander, 1990 ) . Any alteration in earth`s clime has an impact on world, biodiversity, wellness and services provided by ecosystems worldwide. For accommodating to such clime alterations it is necessary to understand fluctuation of clime, why and how the clime alterations, and how it impacts the earth`s ecosystems. Climate manner is an of import manner of understanding clime variableness, alterations and impacts. Earth`s clime is altering and such alterations tend to take topographic point with different forms which may be characterised by one or many manners of the clime systems ( Philander, 1990 ) . Fiji is the largest touristry finish in the south Pacific but international reachings are unstable over the last 5 old ages because of harmful events like political putsch in Fiji in 2000, terrorist onslaughts in United States on 11th September 2001, the Bali onslaught in 2002, and terrible acute respiratory syndrome eruption in Asia in 2003. Tourism is endangered to natural jeopardies and catastrophes like temblors, tsunamis, inundation, drouths, and cyclones. Climate alteration is an of import feature in catastrophe direction as it is likely to impact Fiji through sea degree rise and storm rush, altering temperature and utmost conditions events ( Wilbanks, 2003 ) . About 400,000 tourer visited Fiji in 2002 with an mean length of stay of 8 yearss. While most visitants come for remainder and relaxation linked to beach environments, current selling runs aim to switch the image from pure beach publicity to a wider experience ( Ministry of tourism-Fiji, 2003 ) . The chief purpose of this journal paper is to analyse effects of clime alteration in Fiji islands and accommodating and minimising clime alteration by the tourer resorts. The ground for behind this is that studies and interviews were undertaken ensuing in many operators already prepared for clime related alterations and adapt to possible impacts ensuing in clime alteration.MethodTourism in Fiji is mostly based on resorts therefore adjustment sector is outstanding touristry sub-sector. Tourists spend most of their clip at the resorts. For the above grounds it was appropriate to concentrate on this analysis of adjustment.Effectss of clime alteration on touristry in FijiTourism operators are familiar with ecological factors like strong reefs and plain H2O crucial for touristry in Fiji. Operators were witting of the clime alteration associated impacts like cyclones, the walloping of coral reefs and deluging. Contaminated H2O was related to mounting H2O temperature and clime alteration. I ncreasing sea degrees were mentioned by three concerns, two of which lie in low lying Mamanuca Islands. Generally adjustment concern had experienced at least one of the clime related impact. The most common impacts were eroding, H2O handiness, and break of electricity. Many resorts were affected by cyclones ensuing in coral bleaching and belongings injury ( Short, 2004 ) . Climate related impacts antecedently experienced Frequency out of 25 Remarks by respondents Shore line/beach eroding 9 Banks on border property/beach give manner Decreased H2O handiness 9 In recent drouths Interrupted supply concatenation 8 Power cuts Coral bleaching 8 Noticed by tourers, snorkelling affected Damage to belongings 5 From sea rush Sea degree rise 3–Storm frequence and strength 3 Care of gardens ( Short, 2004 ) . Eight concerns said that they were non affected by any of the factors listed. There are five countries located in the Mamanuca Islands, which are comparatively exposed to climate alteration due to the hazard of cyclones, sea degree rise, hapless H2O quality, vanishing corals, and unequal H2O handiness. There is demand of apprehension of clime alteration jobs and the directors do non portion the jobs faced by clime alteration ( Short, 2004 ) . Tourist adjustment uses big assortment of energy resources with electrical energy created from hydropower or Diesel generator being most of import for energy usage. Petrol and Diesel is use for concern vehicles and other intents. Besides liquefied crude oil gas is used by most concerns largely for cookery, hot H2O and in wash. Energy use and nursery gas emanations differ loosely for diverse concerns. The criterion of adjustment and geographical location are the two factors that have major influence on energy ingestion and carbon-dioxide emanations ( Becken, 2002 ) . Tourist adjustment in the Mamanuca Islands is about 2-3 times every bit carbon-intensive as that in Viti Levu. The key cause for this is in electricity coevals, which is to a great extent less carbon-intensive in Viti Levu. Because of the high measure of renewable energy beginnings ( hydro and bagasse ) compared with Diesel production on islands with its natural insufficiency ( about 65-70 % of energy input is lost during the procedure of coevals ) . Resorts on distant islands run more or less self-sufficiently, and therefore have auxiliary energy demands ( e.g. , sewerage intervention, stop deading trash ) . Transport energy use is besides high given that non merely do tourers hold to be transported to and from the resort, but so besides do nutrient supplies, energy ( Diesel and gas ) , H2O and other devices required for runing the resort ( Becken, 2002 ) . The unsmooth executable estimation is obtained of energy usage and C monoxide emanations related with touristry for the Fiji. The entire figure of visitor darks spent in Fiji was 2,891,295 in 2002 ( Department of energy, 2003 ) . 82 % of visitor-nights were spent in hotels, 13 % in backpacker/budget adjustment, and the staying darks were being spent in motels, on boats or in other signifiers of commercial and non-commercial adjustment. Total energy used due to tourist adjustment was calculated at 1,078,373,475 MJ per annum which is tantamount to national energy usage of 6.5 % . in footings of C monoxide the adjustment industry emits 68,219 metric tons per annum. ( Department of energy, 2003 ) Tourism in Fiji is highly exposed to climate alteration related jeopardies such as cyclones, deluging and storms, sea degree rise, eroding, conveyance and communicating break, and momently less H2O handiness. Another most of import apprehensiveness for the touristry industry is the want of natural systems, such as coral reefs and forest ecosystems, farther exasperated by clime alteration. Tourism concerns in common are affected in the signifier of physical harm from a cyclone or storm rush, eroding, and coral bleaching. In malice of the high hazard linked with tourer installations built on the waterfront, most new developments spotlight on coastal countries. Mangroves are been cut down in big graduated table who in bend Acts of the Apostless like a protection against clime related alterations ( Jones, 2003 ) . Tourist adjustment suppliers adapt to climatic conditions that may impact their concern, and in making so they are besides prepared for impacts that may ensue from a altering clime. Typically, operators focus on comparatively concrete and foreseeable bad impacts, such as cyclones and storm rushs, for illustration by cyclone-proofing their constructions and raising breakwaters. A figure of adjustment suppliers have insurance screen against cyclones and storm rushs. By and large, it seems that the hazard of accumulative impacts or more abstract impacts are less recognized and addressed. Pollution control, sewerage intervention, and H2O direction are illustrations of this. The exposure to extreme climate-related events can be reduced when clime alteration version is integrated in the development procedure from the earliest phases ( Jones, 2003 ) . The exact location of the development and design such as constructing stuff, orientation, constructions and landscaping aids in cut downing the exposure. There is a chance to alter touristry development in at finishs less vulnerable to climate alteration, with current efforts to diversifying Fiji`s touristry merchandise in relation to ecotourism. New and alone touristry merchandises can be developed in Fiji on high land countries utilizing Nipponese construct of shakkei ( borrowed landscape ) , where hotel layout, garden landscape gardening and scenery are assorted together into an overall experience of ecosystem that is different from the typical beachfront ( Ayala, 1995 ) . A figure of nursery gas moderateness processs are in topographic point such as accommodating generator sizes, exchanging off visible radiations, energy efficient visible radiation bulbs and solar hot H2O. There is a immense potency for solar energy and wind-generated power particularly on the Coral Coast, the Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu, these engineerings are taken up easy, inhibited by deficiency of cognition, capital, capacity and authorities inducements. Often, the energy demand of a individual tourer resort is excessively little to warrant investing in a air current turbine. The policy focal point and involvements of resort operators in Fiji are development-driven, although there is a strong acknowledgment of the construct of sustainable development. Climate alteration is chiefly seen from the position of touristry ‘s exposure and version. Extenuation seems to be less pressing, although in the average term increasing nursery gas emanations ( e.g. , as a consequence of i ncreasing tourer reachings ) could sabotage Fiji ‘s credibleness in international dialogues on clime alteration. The above order of Government and industry precedences has to be recognised when seeking to implement any climate-change-related steps ( Ayala, 1995 ) . Climate alteration can be assorted with sustainable development by placing cardinal jobs and so associating those to climate alteration. In the instance of Fiji touristry these major local jobs are land usage issues, old stock adjustment, deficiency of new capital and investing, limited air capacity, dependance on air travel, economic escape, deficiency of alone merchandising point, environment debasement and political instability ( Narayan, 2000 ) . Environmental jobs like pollution, deforestation and inordinate usage of resources are to be considered. Potential issues in add-on to these jobs are more likely to be funded by giver bureaus, stakeholders and industry members ( Hay et al. , 2003 ) . Acknowledging co-benefits of clime alteration policies is every bit of import as its consequence, for illustration, heavy usage of air conditioning leads to increase in nursery gas emanations or the resettlement of sand adds to local environmental impacts. Future work would necessitate to take into history technological and economic facets, every bit good as the expected sum of decreased or increased nursery gas emanations ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Energy is a major cost driver for the operation of a touristry adjustment concern, particularly when energy is derived from fossil fuels either for conveyance or electricity coevals. The operation of Diesel generators is dearly-won, because of inefficiencies, transit costs ( diesel cargo ) , care, and wages for powerhouse staff. Therefore, directors have an economic involvement in maintaining electricity ingestion depression. The Southern Cross with Diesel generators, nevertheless, is that one time a generator is purchased, the optimal scope of electricity coevals is determined at approximately 80 % of the maximal public presentation. Mini hydropower strategies are less relevant for coastal resorts, but could be an option for touristry ventures operated in inland communities ( referred to as ecotourism operators by the Fiji Ministry of Tourism and Visitor Bureau ) . The capital costs are really high, nevertheless, and accordingly the consumption is minimum. The Department of Energy p resently assesses possible sites for mini hydropower strategies, and it is besides researching possible for geothermic electricity coevals on Vanua Levu, the 2nd largest island of Fiji. Wind energy is non widely used in Fiji, but the Coral Coast, Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu are assuring locations for wind-powered coevals. Wind energy systems are available at different graduated tables, runing from little 1-kW 1s to 100-700 kilowatt strategies ( medium graduated table ) , or even larger 1s ( UNEP, 2003 ) . Tourist resorts would necessitate small- to medium-scale air current systems if they want to run into their whole electricity demand by wind power. Small islands are improbable to raise air current turbines because of deficiency of infinite and noise pollution. Resorts on larger countries are in a better place to prosecute wind energy. No renewable energy beginnings are presently earnestly discussed for conveyance, although one resort looked into wind-driven boats, and there are geographic expeditions into replacing fossil fuel with bio-fuel, for illustration derived from coconut ( copra ) oil ( Sopac, 2004 ) .Stairss to minimise the consequence of clime alteration in FijiReforestation is the most of import agencies of cut downing clime alteration. Trees minimizes vulnerable nature of cyclones, better microclimate and enhances landscapes which are used in touristry activities. Trees cut down C content in the air and are utile in adaptative steps like eroding control and watershed direction. Forest protection and plantation should be done under adaptation policies. Developing little graduated table engineerings for air current and solar energy on the distant island would assist cut down the dependence on imported dodo fuel and economic escape ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Adaptation Impact on extenuation Impact on environment Tree plantation Reduces net CO2 emanations through C sinks Benefits biodiversity, H2O direction, dirts Water preservation Reduces energy costs for providing H2O Positive in countries where H2O is limited Renewable natural resources Reduces CO2 emanations Overall, less fouling than fossil fuels Natural edifice stuffs Small C footmark for locally produced stuffs Depends on sustainability of plantations Reducing H2O pollution Increased energy used for sewerage intervention Positive for coral reefs and marine life Marine protection Impersonal Positive for Marine biodiversity Rain H2O aggregation Saves transport energy for providing H2O Possibly interrupts the natural H2O rhythm Guest instruction Impersonal Additions consciousness Puting back constructions Impersonal Positive when constructions built off from beachfront Diversifying markets Positive if markets are eco-efficient Depends on environmental impacts of new markets Weather proofing tourer activities Depends on the type of activities Depends on the type of activities Water desalination High energy costs Returns force per unit area off fresh water resources Increasing beach conditioning Additions CO2 emanations Air pollution in instance of Diesel coevals Beach nutriment Energy usage for excavation and transit Disturbs eco systems Reducing beach eroding with sea walls Impersonal Disturbs natural currents and cause eroding ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . There is no common scheme to turn to interactions between clime alteration and touristry in Fiji, nor is at that place a sector-wide industry association that could advance any climate-change-related enterprises. However, there are stray illustrations among industry members that reveal a high apprehension and advanced usage of engineering and direction to turn to climatically unfavorable conditions. Those operators are besides best prepared for increased hazards ensuing from clime alteration. Besides, a figure of operators engage in wider environmental direction, energy preservation, and hence climate alteration extenuation, although the nursery gas emanation facet is seldom the ground for the mitigating steps undertaken Overall, there is a demand for tourism-specific information on what clime alteration is, how it will impact touristry, and what operators could make to accommodate and extenuate. In the medium term it would besides be of import to include climate alteration in the course of study of third instruction for pupils in the field of touristry, resource direction technology and architecture. Since the range and costs for many version and extenuation steps are mostly determined by the design of tourer installations, the incorporation of these facets into architectural classs is peculiarly of import. Alongside information and instruction enterprises, the Government could help concerns in set abouting energy audits, easing the execution of Environmental Management Systems ( e.g. , Green Globe 21 ) , and supplying inducements, for illustration for the consumption of renewable energy beginnings. Climate alteration could organize portion of a wider hazard direction program for touristry. Such an enterprise is presently being discussed between the Ministry of Tourism and the Disaster Management Office. A two-level attack could be possible, where guidelines are provided for touristry operators to develop their ain hazard or catastrophe direction program at the concern degree, while Government screens wider issues beyond single concerns, such as touristry substructure and larger emptying programs. The current effort by the Fiji Visitor Bureau to diversify the merchandise could be seen as portion of national-level hazard direction, as they attempt to distribute hazard across different markets ( e.g. , event touristry, athletics touristry, nature touristry ) and seasons. Fewer enterprises exist to weather-proof touristry, as suggested for touristry in Phuket, Thailand ( Raksakulthai, 2003 ) . Another of import measure towards implementing a nation-wide hazard direction scheme for touristry and clime alteration would be the function of all touristry substructure, every bit good as the hazard of assorted jeopardies in different locations. The Department of Environment in their clime alteration policy or the Ministry of Tourism in their hazard direction program are best advised to prosecute steps that offer win-win state of affairss, viz. for version, extenuation, wider environmental direction and development. Examples of such steps are re-afforestation, H2O preservation, and the usage of renewable energy beginnings. It is recommended that the synergisms between version, extenuation, and sustainable development be explored farther and that the effects be quantified where possible ; i.e. , how much C can be saved as a consequence of a peculiar step and what costs are involved. This is even more of import given the deficiency of resources in Fiji, which requires maximizing benefits from any enforced step ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Reducing the ingestion of hot H2O for wash and showers and cut downing the H2O temperature are salvaging steps. Other energy usage decreases steps in adjustment are illuming, including energy efficient visible radiation bulbs, detector lighting in the garden, solar panel visible radiations, and room keys used to run visible radiations inside the room. Although energy efficient bulbs are good option they are expensive and do non last long because of the fluctuating supply of power from generators. In the smaller islands the energy costs of transporting are higher, so the directors tend to increase the ship burden with riders on board with nutrient, waste or H2O. One manner of salvaging fuel is to minimise transportation trips. The addition in planetary average temperature to 2 grades above pre-industrial degrees is necessary to maintain the hazard of unsafe clime alteration at an acceptable degree and to restrict clime impacts. Temperatures increase certain degree of atmospheric concentration. The consequences indicate that in order to hold a good opportunity of restricting planetary mean temperature in the long tally to 2 grades atmospheric concentration of all nursery gases needs to be stabilised. Intergovernmental policy on clime alteration i.e. IPCC indicates that maintaining concentration in the scope of 445-490 ppm requires planetary emanations to top out by 2015, and to fall by between 50-85 % by 2050. Current tendencies would ensue in much higher concentrations and high hazards of ruinous clime alteration. The clean development mechanism means to do conformity with easier mark committednesss, the Kyoto Protocol allows utilizing offset credits from emanations decrease undertakings in developing states, under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) . Governments can suggest and implement emanations decreases on a project-by-project footing under CDM. The ensuing credits are bought by authoritiess that are under emanations decrease duties. Large undertakings classs are renewable energy chiefly utilizing hydropower alternatively of fossil fuels, decrease of methane emanations from landfills and coal mines, emanations from cement production, and devastation of powerful industrial gases. There were over three 1000s CDM undertakings underway in may 2008, which, is implemented and approved, would give expected emanations decreases of 2.5 billion dozenss of C dioxide. The Asian Pacific part histories for 80 per cent of the CDM credits that expected to be generated. The World Bank cites supply e stimations of 1.4 to 2.2 billion credits by 2012Decisions and recommendationsGlobal concern over clime alteration impacts and hazards has increased greatly in recent times, and clime alteration is recognised non merely an environmental challenge but besides an economic challenge. The Pacific part is home to the fast growth, big economic systems in the universe and the dominant beginning of growing in nursery gas emanations. To restrict and cut down emanations action is required in developing states. There is big figure of chances to cut down emanations but most of these are expensive and can non be implemented unless policy scenes change. More ambitious policies will be needed to turn emanation tendencies around in developing and developed states. The international kineticss are of the reciprocally reenforcing type: one country`s action depends on other states making their spot. The more states commit to important policies, the easier it will go to pull others in. In contrast, if so me states refuse to take portion in corporate action, others will besides decline to make so. An effectual response to planetary clime alteration will necessitate to affect bilateral trade or many-sided understanding. Large and medium sized economic systems will necessitate to be a portion of it. For an understanding to win, the door must be kept broad unfastened for developing states to prosecute to the full in policies, with the support of high income states. Climate alteration analysts predict that within the coming decennaries, sea degree will lift bit by bit. So the impacting state might hold begun placing the effects of clime alteration on touristry activities and overall people populating in that part. Small islands are at hazard to accommodate to the inauspicious affects of clime alteration because of high costs every bit good as benefits. Not merely merely people but alone human civilizations are besides at high hazard. Migration is another option for local people but once more the cost factor is important, as most of these people are illiterate and unemployed. They will hold to relocate unwillingly. Survival is the chief concern in this instance. It is besides extremely impossible for any recipient state to allow refuge to an full state. The larger impact of clime alteration will dispute the capacity of the state. The secondary impacts will be H2O scarceness, nutrient security, wellness services, land scarceness. At some point man y land countries will go incapable of prolonging life and people will be forced to migrate.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Bimbo

Estrategias de Crecimiento de Bimbo: Fusiones y Adquisiciones a. Como se incorporo Bimbo el reparto de utilidades y la responsabilidad social en su compania? REPARTO DE UTILIDADES: Uno de los ingredientes mas importantes de la â€Å"receta secreta† de Bimbo es que no concibe a sus colaboradores como â€Å"recursos humanos†, sino como personas a las que brinda trato justo y afecto, seguridad, oportunidades de aprender y de crecer siendo utiles a la sociedad. Crecer e innovar es la consigna del personal de Bimbo. Ellos saben que el desarrollo de nuevos productos y la reinversion de las utilidades es lo mejor para la empresa, y mantienen el compromiso de generar una publicidad etica, anclada en la verdad y el respeto al cliente. Una â€Å"gran preocupacion desde el principio, fue la relacion con el personal. Queriamos que trabajara contento, que se identificara con la empresa, que se le respetara. Por nuestra formacion cristiana, teniamos una vision no instrumental de la gente, de relaciones cordiales y armoniosas con el personal†. Con los anos se consolido el ideal de una empresa â€Å"altamente productiva y plenamente humana†. Los repartos de utilidades entre los colaboradores rebasaron los minimos fijados por ley, y muchos de ellos pudieron adquirir acciones de la empresa a precios inferiores a los del mercado. . Participacion de los trabajadores en las utilidades – La PTU se registra en los resultados del ano en que se causa y se presenta en el rubro de otros gastos en los estados de resultados. 2008 2007 2006 Ventas Netas82,317 72,294 66,836 Participacion de los trabajadores en las utilidades 467 467 456 RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL: Comprometido con su responsabilidad social, Grupo Bimbo participa en importantes proyectos comunitarios, como la reforestacion de areas naturales protegidas de la Republica Mexicana, asi como en diferentes proyectos para el bienestar de la sociedad. El Programa de Responsabilidad Social, se centra en cuatro programas: 1. Comprometidos con tu Salud.? 2. Comprometidos con el Medio Ambiente.? 3. Comprometidos con Nuestros Colaboradores.? 4. Comprometidos con Nuestra Sociedad. 1. Comprometidos con tu Salud: Integra iniciativas enfocadas al bienestar de la poblacion: a. Innovacion y reformulacion de productos: Reduccion de acidos trans-fat, azucar y sal. Introduccion de productos de 100 calorias, introduccion de productos fortificados con avena, linaza, etc. b. Informacion Nutricional a los consumidores: Informacion mas comprensible por medio de etiquetas mas claras y legibles. c. Publicidad y Mercadotecnia responsables: Se firmo el Codigo Mexicano de Publicidad de Alimentos y Bebidas para ninos, con el cual se comprometen a promover una publicidad socialmente responsable hacia los ninos. d. Promocion de actividad fisica y estilos de vida saludables: A traves de publicidad, envolturas, sitios en Internet, publicaciones, reportes del consumidor y promocion de actividades, contribuyen a el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los consumidores. Por ejemplo: el slogan â€Å"Llenate de energia con 30 minutos de ejercicio diario† en todos los empaques y publicidad; y el Torneo Futbolito Bimbo. e. Asociaciones: Con otras empresas para establecer programas como Alianza para el corazon, Alianza para un estilo de vida saludable. Y con institutos de nutricion para poder ofrecer productos nuevos y mejores. Tambien se apoya a la Cruz Roja en Mexico, la Casa de la Amistad para Ninos con Cancer en Mexico y otros proyectos en Guatemala, Costa Rica y Uruguay. En EEUU se apoyan programas que contribuyen a la prevencion de enfermedades congenitas, nacimientos prematuros y muerte de ninos, entre otros. 2. Comprometidos con el Medio Ambiente: Se trabaja mas de 20 proyectos en 5 lineas de accion: a. Ahorro de energia b. Reduccion de emisiones c. Ahorro de agua d. Administracion de desperdicios solidos. e. Responsabilidad social hacia el medio ambiente: Se invita a los colaboradores y proveedores a compartir acciones para beneficiar el medio ambiente. Se llevan a cabo ferias de Sustentabilidad para dar a conocer a los colaboradores informacion de los productos ecologicos para el consumo en el hogar. Se fundo â€Å"Reforestemos Mexico† que en conjunto con los grupos etnicos de Mexico se desarrollan habilidades para promover las practicas sustentables y asegurar la preservacion de recursos naturales. Bimbo es parte de la Comision de Estudios del Sector Privado para el Desarrollo Sustentable que representa al Consejo de Negocios Mundial de Desarrollo Sustentable, en Mexico. 3. Comprometidos con Nuestros Colaboradores: a. Salud y Seguridad: Programas de orientacion que incluyen platicas para reducir los accidentes en la compania, asi la realizacion de campanas medicas que promueven la vacunacion, y pruebas de vision, audicion y dentales a los colaboradores. Constantemente se refuerza la importancia de adoptar estilos de vida saludables por medio de conferencias y cursos. Se ha implementado un programa que promueve el ejercicio fisico diario en el trabajo. b. Desarrollo de Colaboradores: Se ofrecen cursos de educacion primaria, cursos de ingles, instruccion para lograr un grado universitario en Mexico y Latinoamerica, tambien se cuenta con una Universidad virtual que contribuye al desarrollo de talento y liderazgo. c. Ayuda Social: Se promueven los ahorros voluntarios entre los colaboradores. Se promueven oportunidades de trabajo, se contrata a un gran numero de colaboradores con discapacidades, se ofrecen conferencias sobre ambiente de trabajo, etc. 4. Comprometidos con Nuestra Sociedad: Se ayuda en forma economica para promover el progreso social y la educacion. En el area de educacion se construyo en 2008 el Centro para el Tratamiento de Individuos con Afasia, se apoyaron programas educativos como â€Å"Ayudando a Ninos como Yo â€Å" de UNICEF, â€Å"El Calendario de Valores† de Fundacion Televisa, programas de nutricion a ninos y becas de la Fundacion Tarahumara, entre otros. Se colaboro en la publicacion del libro â€Å"Como proteger a tus hijos de las drogas†. Mas de 1,000 estudiantes y educadores recibieron apoyo a traves de instituciones como Fundacion de Empresarios por a Educacion Basica. Y se ayudo a mas de 5,000 estudiantes universitarios de la Escuela Bancaria y Comercial, ITAM, UDEM e UIA. Tambien en el extranjero se apoya en organizaciones en pro de la educacion. Mas de un millon de agricultores se han beneficiado de los proyectos que apoya Grupo Bimbo. Tambien, en asociacion con FinComun, se le ha br indado ayuda financiera a mas de 15 mil micro empresas y cerca de 140 mil personas con espiritu emprendedor para que desarrollen sus propios negocios. b. ?Cuando se convirtio Bimbo en una empresa cotizada en la Bolsa de Valores? La primera empresa del grupo, â€Å"Panificacion Bimbo†, fue fundada el 2 de diciembre de 1945 en la ciudad de Mexico. Posteriormente, entre 1952 y 1978, se abrieron 12 plantas mas, lo que le permitio extender la distribucion de sus productos a todo Mexico. Durante este mismo periodo se constituyo la fabrica â€Å"Pasteles y Bizcochos†, que posteriormente se convertiria en â€Å"Productos Marinela†. Y se establecieron las primeras plantas de dulces y chocolates de â€Å"Ricolino† y de botanas saladas â€Å"Barcel†. Durante este periodo empezo tambien la integracion vertical del Grupo con la inauguracion de la primera planta de mermeladas. Desde febrero de 1980, 34 anos despues de su fundacion, Grupo Bimbo se transformo en una empresa publica y 15% de sus acciones comenzaron a cotizarse en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. La empresa no se cotiza en el exterior, debido a que no ha tenido necesidad de financiarse en mercados internacionales, sus necesidades la ha cubierto oportunamente el mercado nacional. c. ?Cuando fue la primera adquisicion de Bimbo? ?Cual fue la meta, y como actuo la compania para asegurar que su flexibilidad no fuera comprometida por esta adquisicion? Con la finalidad de lograr una posicion de liderazgo a nivel internacional y consolidarse como lider en el continente americano, el Grupo ha realizado inversiones en el extranjero. Dichas inversiones se efectuan a traves de asociaciones estrategicas y/o adquisiciones de empresas del sector que le permitan tener una red de canales de distribucion y venta todavia mas importante y asi poder consolidarse operativamente. El interes de BIMBO por participar en los mercados internacionales se debe al gran potencial de crecimiento en lo referente a la relacion de consumo entre pan tradicional y pan empacado. La primera adquisicion del Grupo Bimbo en Mexico fue Continental de Alimentos, S. A. en Mexico en 1986. En 1990 comenzo con operaciones a nivel internacional con la adquisicion de una planta productora de pan y pastelitos en Guatemala. Las estrategias de adquisicion le han permitido al Grupo capitalizar las experiencias en diferentes mercados y diversificar su concentracion geografica, disminuyendo asi el riesgo que pudieran presentar los mercados locales en los que participa. La estrategia de crecimiento de Grupo Bimbo ha sido desde un principio consolidar su plataforma. Cronologia de expansion y adquisiciones del Grupo Bimbo: 1984BIMBO incursiono en el mercado de exportacion con la distribucion de productos Marinela hacia EE. UU. 1986BIMBO adquirio en Mexico: Continental de Alimentos, S. A. de C. V. , empresa que producia y comercializaba la marca Wonder, hasta entonces competidora directa de BIMBO en panificacion y pastelitos. 1989Se adquiere Holsum en Venezuela. 1990Comenzo con operaciones a nivel internacional, con la adquisicion de una planta productora de pan y pastelitos en Guatemala, esto marco el inicio de la cobertura que el Grupo tiene en Latinoamerica. 992Adquision de Alesa, S. A. y Cena (hoy Ideal, S. A. ) en Chile. Adquision en Mexico de la fabrica Galletas Lara, lo cual permitio la entrada formal al mercado de las galletas tradicionales, tipo â€Å"marias† y saladas, 1993Se extendio a Venezuela con la adquisicion de Industrias Marinela, C. A. y Panificadora Holsum de Venezuela, C. A. Se instalaron plantas productivas en Argentin a, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador y Peru, asi como empresas de distribucion en Honduras y Nicaragua. Se explande en Estados Unidos, con el establecimiento y adquisicion de plantas productivas en los estados fronterizos con Mexico. Se adquiere Orbit Finer Foods, Inc. 1994Se adquiere en EEUU: La Fronteriza, Inc. 1995Se adquiere en EEUU: C&C Bakery, Inc. y la Tapatia Tortilleria, Inc. 1996Se adquiere en EEUU: Pacific Pride Bakeries, con dos plantas (Suandy Foods Inc. y Proalsa Trading, Co. 1998Se adquiere en EEUU: La empresa de panificacion Mrs. Baird’s, lider en el estado de Texas, EEUU , y en Mexico se inicio con operaciones en la planta de Bimbo en la Paz, Baja California. La expansion de BIMBO llego al continente europeo con el establecimiento en Alemania de la empresa distribuidora de confiteria Park Lane Confectionery. Tambien en ese ano, con objeto de enfocarse en sus negocios principales, BIMBO llevo a cabo desinversiones en la elaboracion y distribucion de helados en Mexico y de botanas saladas en Chile. 1999BIMBO realizo una alianza estrategica con la empresa Dayhoff, en EE. UU. , dedicada a la distribucion de dulces, a traves de una participacion accionaria de 50%. BIMBO se asocio con Grupo Mac’Ma al adquirir una participacion de 51% en las empresas dedicadas a la elaboracion de pastas. En el estado de California, EE. UU. , adquirio la empresa panificadora Four-S. Se construyo una nueva planta panadera en Tijuana, BC. Refuerza presencia en Colombia, con la adquisicion de activos en la ciudad de Calli. Se convierte en el proveedor unico de toda la bolleria de la cadena de restaurantes McDonald? s en Venezuela, Colombia y Peru. Se concretan negociaciones con la empress Panacea, SA en Costa Rica, lo cual permitio a BIMBO la adqusision de algunos de los activos de esta empresa y el derecho al uso de Tulipan, su marca lider en ese pais. Se consolida en EEUU Mrs. Baaird’s Bakeries Busineess Trust en el mercado de Texas y Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. en el mercado de California. 000Se inauguran, a traves de Ricolino, dos plantas en la Union Europea, una en Viena, Suiza y en Ostrava, Republica Checa. Se adquiere la panificadora Pan Pyc, la segunda empresa mas importante en Peru. Se adquiere la empresa La Mejor en Guatemala, con presencia en Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras. 2001Se adquirio Plus Vita, una de la empresas panificadoras mas grandes en Brasil. 2002La participacion de BIMBO en la alianza con la empresa Dayhoff en EEUU aumento a 70%. Se fusionaron todas las empresas operadoras del Grupo en Mexico, en dos grandes empresas Bimbo, SA de CV y Barcel , SA de CV. Para optimizar operaciones y eficientar su capacidad instalada y su fuerza de distribucion. Se adquirio, a traves de la subsidiaria en EEUU, las operaciones de la panificacion en la region oeste de EEUU, pertenecientes a la empresa George Weston Limited. Con ello fortalecio la posicion del Grupo en mercados clave: California y Texas. 2003Se concreto una alianza estrategica con Wrigley Sales Company en EEUU. Participacion como socio minoritario en un consorcio donde adquiere ciertos derechos de propiedad y deuda de la Compania de Alimentos Fargo, SA en Argentina. 004 Adquiere el total de acciones de Dayhoff en EEUU. Adquisicion de las empresas Jocyco de Mexico SA de CV, Alimentos Duval, SA de CV y Lollmen, SA de CV, propiedad de accionistas mexicanos y de la empresa espanola Corporacion Agrolimen, SA. Se adquieren en Mexico dos plantas de produccion lideres de la industria de la confiteria en Mexico. 2005Se adquiere en Mexico: Controladora y Administradora de Pastelerias, SA de CV, op eradora de las pastelerias El Globo. 2006Se adquiere en Uruguay las empresas panificadoras Walter M. Doldan y Cia, SA y Los Sorchantes, SA, posicionados como lideres en el mercado. Se inician operaciones en Asia, al adquirir la empresa Beijing Ranrico Food Processing Center, ubicada en China, lo que ha permitido una importante presencia y reconocimiento en Beijing y Tianjin. Se adquieren activos y marcas de las pastelerias El Molino, unas de las mas antiguas y de mayor tradicion en Mexico. 2007Se realizo la compraventa de la empresa de galletas, grissines y pan rallado Maestro Cubano Florentino Sande, SA en Uruguay. Se adquirio Temis en Paraguay. 008Se adquieren las companias Laura y de Firenze en Brasil. Se adquiere Plucky en Uruguay. Adquiere el 75% e acciones de la empresa panificadora Nutrela Alimentos, SA en Brasil. Se adquiere en Honduras Galletas Lido Pozuelo. Se adquiere en Mexico: Galletas Gabi 2009Se adquiere la panificadora Weston Foods, Inc en EEUU. Mayor operacion en la historia del Grupo Bimbo. Bibliografia: Santander (2009) Latin American Equity Research: Recuperado e l dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. santander. com. mx/PDF/canalfin/documentos/bimbo231009e. df Grupo Bimbo (2010) GRUPO BIMBO REPORTA RESULTADOS DEL SEGUNDO TRIMESTRE DE 2009. Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com. mx/relacioninv/uploads/reports/PR%202T09. pdf Grupo Bimbo (2010) Reporte Anual 2008. Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/reports/IA%202008%20esp. pdf Grupo Bimbo (2008) DECLARACION DE INFORMACION SOBRE REESTRUCTURACION SOCIETARIA. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/press/reescorp. pdf Enfasis Alimentacion (2010) Grupo Bimbo podria convertirse en la empresa mas importante de panificacion a nivel mundial. Recuperado el dia 28 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. alimentacion. enfasis. com/notas/11490-grupo-bimbo-podria-convertirse-la-empresa-mas-importante-panificacion-nivel-mundial Grupo Bimbo (2010) Historia Grupo Bimbo. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2010 de: http://www. grupobimbo. com/admin/content/uploaded/Historia%20Grupo%20Bimbo. pdf Grupo Bimbo 08 Social Responsability Report http://www. grupobimbo. com/admin/content/uploaded/BIMBO%20RS%20ING%20xpag. df Grupo Bimbo Informe Anual 08 http://www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/reports/IA%202008%20esp. pdf Editorial Columnas. Cultura Bimbo. http://www. eluniversal. com. mx/columnas/55515. html Grupo Bimbo. Pagina internet. http://www. grupobimbo. com/display. php? section=1&subsection=13 Bolsa Mexicana de Valores http://www. bmv. com. mx/ Entrepreneur. Grupo Bimbo Selling Bread and Nostalgia http://www. entrepre neur. com/tradejournals/article/131896496. html Grupo Bimbo. Reporte Anual 2008 http://www. bmv. com. mx/infoanua/infoanua_3099_20090625_1643. pdf

Monday, July 29, 2019

Area and Volume

5 ? x ? 0. 5. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f and g. (Total 6 marks) 2. Let f(x) = Aekx + 3. Part of the graph of f is shown below. The y-intercept is at (0, 13). (a)Show that A =10. (2) (b)Given that f(15) = 3. 49 (correct to 3 significant figures), find the value of k. (3) (c)(i)Using your value of k, find f? (x). (ii)Hence, explain why f is a decreasing function. iii)Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote of the graph f. (5) Let g(x) = –x2 + 12x – 24. (d)Find the area enclosed by the graphs of f and g. (6) (Total 16 marks) 3. The following diagram shows the graphs of f (x) = ln (3x – 2) + 1 and g (x) = – 4 cos (0. 5x) + 2, for 1 ? x ? 10. (a)Let A be the area of the region enclosed by the curves of f and g. (i)Find an expression for A. (ii)Calculate the value of A. (6) (b)(i)Find f ? (x). (ii)Find g? (x). (4) c)There are two values of x for which the gradient of f is equal to the gradient of g. Find both these values of x. (4) (Total 14 marks) 4. The graph of f(x) = , for –2 ? x ? 2, is shown below. The region enclosed by the curve of f and the x-axis is rotated 360Â ° about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed. (Total 6 marks) 5. The graph of y = between x = 0 and x = a is rotated 360Â ° about the x-axis. The volume of the solid formed is 32?. Find the value of a. (Total 7 marks) Area and Volume 5 ? x ? 0. 5. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f and g. (Total 6 marks) 2. Let f(x) = Aekx + 3. Part of the graph of f is shown below. The y-intercept is at (0, 13). (a)Show that A =10. (2) (b)Given that f(15) = 3. 49 (correct to 3 significant figures), find the value of k. (3) (c)(i)Using your value of k, find f? (x). (ii)Hence, explain why f is a decreasing function. iii)Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote of the graph f. (5) Let g(x) = –x2 + 12x – 24. (d)Find the area enclosed by the graphs of f and g. (6) (Total 16 marks) 3. The following diagram shows the graphs of f (x) = ln (3x – 2) + 1 and g (x) = – 4 cos (0. 5x) + 2, for 1 ? x ? 10. (a)Let A be the area of the region enclosed by the curves of f and g. (i)Find an expression for A. (ii)Calculate the value of A. (6) (b)(i)Find f ? (x). (ii)Find g? (x). (4) c)There are two values of x for which the gradient of f is equal to the gradient of g. Find both these values of x. (4) (Total 14 marks) 4. The graph of f(x) = , for –2 ? x ? 2, is shown below. The region enclosed by the curve of f and the x-axis is rotated 360Â ° about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed. (Total 6 marks) 5. The graph of y = between x = 0 and x = a is rotated 360Â ° about the x-axis. The volume of the solid formed is 32?. Find the value of a. (Total 7 marks)

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Spanking or Creative Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spanking or Creative Parenting - Essay Example She didn’t even speak with the little girl. She turned and returned to her cart. The child quickly replaced the doll and maneuvered the stroller back beside the mother as she strode away. I saw a tiny hand reach up to wipe away what I assumed to be a tear from her face. I felt sorry for the child and was left wondering why the mother hit her daughter in this instance. Reflecting on the scene, I have come to the conclusion that what I witnessed was wrong for several reasons. There is almost always a better way to discipline a child than by spanking. One reason spanking in this situation is ineffective parenting is the punishment did not have anything to do with the infraction. The consequence of spanking didn’t really connect the child to the misbehavior. A better technique to use would have been for the mother to get the child’s attention by using her voice. Once she got her attention, then she could have signaled to the girl it was time to go. If the girl didn’t respond, slowly walking away from the child would have sent the message that if you don’t come now you will be left behind. This is naturally motivating for a child because they usually do not want to be separated from a parent. Another reason spanking is not an effective way to discipline children is it models behavior that we wouldn’t want children to repeat. I am sympathetic to the mother in the scenario described. Maybe her daughter was on her last nerve. Maybe the mother wasn’t feeling well or had just lost her job. Regardless of the reason the mother chose to strike her child, the message sent to the child is that when you are upset it is acceptable to lash out at others. She learned that hitting others is a form of communication. It is a way of getting people to do what you want. I think all of us would agree that hitting others is not a great way to communicate. A final reason I feel hitting in this situation was wrong is the lack of

Mall of America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Mall of America - Research Paper Example United States is also known worldwide for its state of the art shopping centers. By the end of 1992, America was almost running 39000 shopping Malls across the country. Mall of America is a shopping Mall with all the dynamic qualities of a Mall. It is located in the twin cities of Bloomington and Minnesota in United States (Mall of America (b) 2011). The Mall is the third largest in North America and second largest in America due to its retail space. Mall of America accommodates more than 13000 cars on seven different stories of the building for parking purposes (Mall of America (b) 2011). The Mall is spread over an area of 95 acres (Mall of America (b) 2011). Expansion of the great Mall is under process. Expansion will help to exceed the size of the Mall of America by almost doubling it. The expansion work is expected to consume about 2.1 billion (Mall of America (b) 2011). Extension of the project will attract more tourists. Phase II will be able to generate huge amount for the fie lds of education and health. Mall of America is also exposed to certain vulnerabilities. Terrorism is the threat which requires thorough training and understanding of the terror activities. Certain remedial measures are also necessary to strengthen the existing surveillance and security system. The Mall of America is a combination of a classical construction with provision of vast variety of facilities under one roof. Mainly the worth mentioning facilities include, an indoor theme park, underwater sea creature aquarium, magic shop, flight simulators, Lego store, theater, mountain golf adventure and American girl store. All these features of the Mall of America shall be focused upon in details in paragraphs to follow. The paper shall follow the under mentioned sequence:- History of the Mall of America. Services offered by the Mall and tourist interests. Expansion and future prospects. Vulnerabilities to different threats and their Remedial Measures Conclusion. History of the Mall of America Ghermezian brothers of Canada first gave the concept of â€Å"Mall of America†. â€Å"West Edmonton† shopping Mall of North America was also the brilliant idea of same brothers (Farrell 2007). The Mall of America is situated at the old site of metropolitan stadium in Bloomington, Minnesota (Crawford 1992). The leveling of the ground for construction started in 1989. The Mall saw its completion in 1992 and during same year it was opened for the public (Mall of America (c) 2011). The Mall of America carries the characteristics of all the modern Malls due to its huge size, central management and versatile architecture. The visitor of Mall can carry equal impression of western market as well as American urban expressions (Crawford 1992). The Mall represents the history of galleria. The concept of Cleveland galleria got fame in nineteenth century in America (Jackson 1996). The Mall also pays respect to the old site of metropolitan city by placing home plate on the g round floor (Mall of America (c) 2011). One seat has been placed in the Mall, which attracts the visitor’s attention due to its historical importance (Farrell 2007). The seat has exactly been placed at its original place that it occupied in the stadium prior to construction of the Mall of America. Seat is placed to pay homage to Harmon Killebrew for hitting a home run in 1967 (Crawford 1992). Mall was given few nicknames prior to its inauguration in 1992 (Spellmeyer 1993). Fewer of

Saturday, July 27, 2019

What is the next thing they target or introduce Essay

What is the next thing they target or introduce - Essay Example To address the problem, and in targeting a larger customer base, the company has embarked on cost cutting as a way of raising money to be used in investment and reaching out to more customers. According to Peters (2014), this can be used to cut costs and improve business. The company mostly targets students as they do not have cars. This puts them at a good position to be potential customers for the company. However, the company has to ensure that it reaches out to the customers otherwise it won’t be able to reap from the customers. The next big thing for the company is cutting continual budget in an effort to remain afloat and also continue to cut routes and schedules for the administration. This is being done to ensure that the company remains afloat and operating on its popular routes. The company is aiming at increasing its returns during the peak season as with little money coming from the government, they need to improve their strategies. They were evaluating an idea of using smaller buses though the idea is not totally feasible at the moment. It is also planning to lease out space to renters to ensure that it gets more

Friday, July 26, 2019

German Car Makers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German Car Makers - Essay Example Main focus is to sell the cheap cars as basic rides since the major car market in the emerging market comprises of middle class society. But this low cost cars are not getting popular only in emerging world but even in premium market they are getting enough market. This has been the cause of worry for the big car maker like Toyota. Now even Toyota trying to come up with budget car to get hold of emerging market. Apart from budget car market premium car market is moving towards sensible motoring. German car makers have positioned themselves in the wrong sides of both these budget and premium car markets. This is the external environment in which Daimler Chrysler operates. Key factors and trends in this environment can be identified by using Porter’s five forces model. Here, world car market is divided into cheap and cheerful market and premium market depending on the nature of the demand of the customers. So buyers bargaining power is the key. Chrysler’s sales are not rising because today buyers have different options, each of which is equally good. Although there has been rapid improvement in terms of design and production lines, Chrysler still doesn’t have enough competitive product line as compared to its rivals. Customers have more bargaining power because they have better options from other car makers. Competition among the car makers are intense in nature as every company is coming up with new inventions, new strategies to establish those inventions. Chrysler has to come up with new better product lines in terms of technology, features and design to stay ahead of the competition. Suppliers have more bargaining power because there is more number of substitutes as all the big players are coming up with their new inventions to grab the emerging market. Suppliers are more powerful when the company is not financially sound.  This is exactly the situation in case of Chrysler as it is struggling both in terms of financial condition and product lines. Company has failed to come up with new product lines, keeping the pace with market trend.  

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Shark Finning Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Shark Finning Industry - Research Paper Example The paper states that the finning industry is based on the following practice: ‘the fin of each shark is chopped off and the rest is discharged’ (Verclar et al. 1078). Then, the fin is likely to be used for soup, after being diverted to the market, in its natural form or using an appropriate package. The consumption of fin of sharks is quite common in many countries worldwide. However, this ‘custom’ threatens the population of sharks internationally. In accordance with recent research, the finning industry worldwide is a continuously growing industry, with the value of the fin to reach the $116/ kg (Verclar et al. 1078). India is among the countries with the highest performance in this industry; in accordance with Verclar et al. the annual shark production of India reaches the 45,500 tonnes (Verclar et al. 1078), a significant figure if taking into consideration the price of the particular product in the market, as presented above. It is clear that the profi ts of the particular industry can be significant, a fact which may be considered as a barrier to the control of the phenomenon. As noted in the study of Verclar et al., about 20 species of sharks will be extinguished by 2017 if the shark finning industry continues its current rate of expansion (Verclar et al. 1078). However, the current signs regarding the development of this industry are rather discouraging; instead of being reduced, the finning industry is further expanded with other countries to be involved in such activities. An indicative example is China, which has started to activate in many areas of the specific industry – acting as ‘producer, importer, consumer, and processing center’ (Verclar et al. 1079); other countries also have been attracted by the prospects that the particular industry offers. Indonesia, Pakistan, and Singapore (Verclar et al. 1079) are some of the countries, which have been involved in various areas of the shark finning industry. Â  The shark finning industry offers many prospects as a business activity, as it combines the trade of fin, as a product of significant value, with the trade of other parts of the shark – meaning the body and the bones (Verclar et al. 1080). At this point, it should be noted that ‘not all fins of a shark are of the same value’ (Verclar et al. 1080). In any case, since all parts of the body of a shark can be disposed to the market, the fishing of sharks is quite popular, guaranteeing high profits. Efforts have been made for setting limits to the particular activity since a threat of the extinction of many species of shark has been made clear. Under this threat, the Government of India prohibited the fishing of a particular species of shark, the Elasmobranchii, in 2001 (Verclar et al. 1080); the Gazette Notification through which this prohibition was imposed has been proved particularly valuable for the protection of the above species. Another practice used for t he control of shark finning industry worldwide is the DNA checks; through these checks, the level of limitation of each shark species can be identified – by checking various parts of the bodies of sharks disposed to market (Verclar et al. 1080). The above method has the following disadvantage: not all parts of the body of a shark can prove valid information on the species of the shark; however, new DNA checks have been improved allowing the identification of sharks’ DNA even from dried fins (Verclar et al. 1080). Particular attention should be paid to the effects of shark finning industry for the marine ecosystems. In accordance with Taylor (2010), sharks are predators, which helps to keep balance in prey worldwide (Taylor, online article).

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Chief Information Security Officer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chief Information Security Officer - Term Paper Example The repercussions of these breaches are felt by multiple parties including the administrative staff, the university itself, the IT department and the student body. It is therefore, imperative for higher education institutions to familiarize themselves with the constantly changing threats besides the high cost associated with leaving data and systems unprotected. Introduction Computer system hacks and data breaches with higher education institutions as the main target are constantly dominating the headlines. The higher education institutions are increasingly at high risk having their information and data compromised by malicious activities and hackers beside insider mistakes. The considerable number of system hacks and data breaches experienced by higher educational institutions can be attributed to such factors as resource plague issues experienced by IT department within the institutions, budgetary constraints and desperate database systems among other factors (Gahm, 2010). Higher e ducational institutions posses a considerable amount of data and distinct data type which make them a potential target by malicious attackers and hackers. A wealth of personally identifiable information is mostly stored by these institutions thus the high risk of data breaches and system hacks. A health record of students, employees and parents together with their names, social security numbers and credit card numbers are among the sensitive information that subject these institutions to potential threats and makes them a valuable target to the hackers. (Gahm, 2010) According to Gahm, Higher educational institutions should learn to take actions besides implementing proactive security to their database infrastructure in order to protect the critical information contained in their database systems. These database systems house a variety of information that can be exploited for financial gain. Given that the institution’s databases are the most critical repository of confidentia l and sensitive information at these institutions, safeguarding the database is of the essence (2010). Recent hack attacks against higher educational institutions Some of the top and best universities around the world had recently been reported to have fallen victim of computer system hack and data breaches. Team GhostShell, a hacking group claimed to have hacked into the servers of close to a hundred universities across the globe including Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, Stanford and University of Michigan. Close to 120,000 records were accessed from the breached universities’ servers and publicly posted. Critical and confidential information such as the names, phone numbers, log in details and email addresses were among the records exposed in the event of the breaches. The reports further showed that the hackers used malware injection into the servers in order to compromise their security and gain access to the records. The log-in credentials exposed were further used to improperly access some of the universities’ websites including Stanford University. Another data breach incident involving Western Connecticut State University was reported and blamed on the vulnerabilities existing on their computer systems. The breach utilized the existing vulnerabilities in the system and inappropriately accessed and exposed confidential inf

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Why do I want to become a U.S Parks Police officer Essay

Why do I want to become a U.S Parks Police officer - Essay Example Moreover, it maintains fairness and accountability in all its endeavors. Personal conduct and ethical behavior constitute its fundamental principles; and as a consequence, it requires all its personnel to maintain the highest standards of conduct (Mission and Value Statement). This extraordinary and truly awe inspiring organization is dedicated to the safeguarding of human life. Furthermore, it provides the excellent service to the public, the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. Another important feature of this institution is that its personnel hold themselves accountable to each other and the public whom they serve (Mission and Value Statement). The United States Park Police was established in the year 1791, by George Washington, the first president of the US. Its inception was prior to that of the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. Subsequently, the US Park Police was rendered a branch of the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. Its jurisdiction extends to all Federal Park Service areas in the US, and specific Federal and State lands. Some of the important areas to which the United States Park Police extends its exemplary services are Washington DC, New York City, San Francisco and the metropolitan areas of California (The United States Park Police). This organization performs several significant duties. For instance, it promotes and implements the objectives and goals of the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. It achieves this laudable objective by providing exemplary law enforcement, in order to protect human life, national treasures, democratic icons, and natural resources (Mission and Value Statement). I fell under the charm of these blue clad protectors of society at a very early age. Moreover, I had opportunity to see these supermen and superwomen in action, on several occasions.

Miller comments Essay Example for Free

Miller comments Essay During ‘The Crucible’ the acts which unfold able some characters to empower themselves: most notably Abigail Williams, Mary Warren and even John Proctor. Some characters begin with little or no power, then abuse the situations to gain power, whereas others begin with power and lose it, sometimes justly and other times unjustly. This could be seen as a moral message for the audiences of the play, warning of power abuse which could lead to devastating consequences. In the introductory comments, Miller comments before the events begin to unfold how â€Å"†¦the children were anything but thankful for being permitted to walk straight† which shows before the witchcraft trials and accusations had begun, children were powerless under the authority of the male dominated society -children had no power to roam freely. One of the people that gained power in the play is Mary Warren, who is a servant and so is one of the lowest ranks of the Puritan society- much like the children of Salem. At first she does not have any power at all as she is taught that she has to follow orders from the Proctors, who she works for. This is seen when she â€Å"lept† with â€Å"fright† upon Proctors entrance. Yet, she manages to turn from a â€Å"mouse† to a â€Å"daughter of a prince† as she suddenly gains power from working in the court, trying possible witches. Her increasing power is also shown from her defiance of Proctor when she refuses his order of not going to â€Å"court again†, and responds that she â€Å"must† and â€Å"will be gone everyday†. It also shown through stage directions, when Mary is â€Å"terrified† of Proctor but quickly becomes â€Å"erect†, which highlights her ability to overcome her fear of Proctor because of her growing confidence and power. Mary even manages to intimidate Proctor in this part of the play. When threatened with the â€Å"whip† from Proctor, she manages to threaten him further by responding â€Å"I would have you speak civilly to me, from this out. † Mary, filled with this newly found power, is able to threaten Procter to stop beating her or she will not speak so highly of his family next time. By using the phrase â€Å"from this out† shows that Mary doesn’t usually expect that kind of treatment from the Proctor, yet now she is able to demand it because of the power gain. Again, further on in the play Mary is also able to â€Å"numb† Proctor when she overthrows his â€Å"grip† on her to tell the truth about the accusations, and instead turns on him. When pressured by Abigail and the other girls, once they start accusing Mary to save themselves, she is not able to stand her ground – which highlights her feebleness and weakness which was seen at the very start of the play. This is seen as she even admits she has â€Å"no power†. This links to her inferior position in the society and even within her social group, she is not popular, and respected. This is shown when Abigail tells Mary to â€Å"shut it† and Mercy Lewis starts â€Å"pointing† and â€Å"looking† at Mary as if she were to blame. However, the fact that Mary was able to then accuse Proctor of being â€Å"devil’s man†, who is a highly respected in the village, shows that she does have more power than she started with. But she is abusing her power, to save herself and because of her lack of power on her social circle. So, this once ‘innocent’ girl who thought they â€Å"must tell the truth† took advantage of the situation so she and her friends would not be â€Å"whipped†. Overall, Mary arguably, has the most progressive power of all the girls and possibly all of the characters in ‘The Crucible’, but that’s not to say she has the most power overall. Another character like Mary Warren who gains power throughout the play is Abigail Williams. Once shunned and scorned by the inhabitants of the village because of her â€Å"blackened name†, Abigail becomes a domineering power, and is treated like a â€Å"saint†. A mere accusation from Abigail or one of her girls is enough to convict even a well-respected inhabitant of Salem like Rebecca Nurse who does â€Å"great charities†. Even though in present day we would associate â€Å"saint† with good Samaritans, which would seem absurd to see Abigail called this in present day, she was seen in this way because in puritan society if you went against god, you went against the law. So Abigail’s act of bringing Salem’s attention to the presence of the devil, and then through the court eradicating it was seen as an act of greatness. Abigail starts off as a scared young girl which is seen through Millers stage directions, as she â€Å"quavers† when being questioned by Parris about Betty’s mysterious illness. However, soon she is able to assert her power of the girls by â€Å"smashing† Betty round the face and threatening all the girls not to tell anyone about the events of the previous night, or she will â€Å"come† to them at the â€Å"black of one terrible night†. This implies they could be her prey, and if they make a wrong move she could pounce on them, which again puts her in a domineering position. This characteristic allows her to control within the group which creates more tension because Abigail also seems to be possessive which is seen when she says â€Å"Now look you. All of you†. The repetition of â€Å"you† makes the phrase quite aggressive and short commanding sentences have a strong impact, and make Abigail seem hostile but ultimately powerful. Her empowerment is also documented as the inhabitants of Salem think the â€Å"sea parts like Israel† for Abigail, so her sins are overlooked, as people take her word to be an expression of â€Å"God’s will. † This allowed Abigail to control and manipulate even the most powerful men in Salem, which is seen when Abigail threatens that Danforth- a high court official. So, Abigail Williams, who was once powerless in general society, is a perfect example of someone who became empowered by deciding the fate of other people and, by controlling and threatening people. Although, Abigail did have a powerful status among her social group from the outset and throughout which is shown when she starts â€Å"pointing with fear† and accusing Mary of â€Å"hurting her†, and quickly all the girls chime in with her. The third character who is subtly empowered is John Proctor. Despite his prideful ways, John Proctor describes himself as a sinner. His conversation with Elizabeth in act two where he exclaims for Elizabeth to â€Å"judge him not† demonstrated his internal conflict and his own unwillingness to forgive himself for his act of lechery. There are moments when his anger and disgust towards himself burst forth, such as when he exclaims to Judge Danforth: â€Å"I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face, and yours. † So, although it is not clear from the outset that John Proctor has been empowered, he has. He is able for the first time to â€Å"see some shred of goodness† in himself- his relief from his constant guilt- when he decides to deny his confession. In conclusion, all three characters were empowered through the play, which led to the unjust killing of numerous inhabitants of Salem through the false allegations of witchcraft. So, Miller uses this to show the audience the consequence of abuse of power. Abigail is the best example because she falls from her position of high power, and resorts to boarding a â€Å"ship†, in order to escape.

Monday, July 22, 2019

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay As proved by in Scrooges words and character the Ghost of Christmas Past has had a positive impact on the transformation in his character. The Ghost of Christmas Present shows Scrooge another view of Christmas, a view in which Scrooge had never encountered before in the past or present, a view into a poor familys house in this case his clerk Bob Cratchits house. They watched as they dined and then sit round the fire. Scrooge asked if Tiny Tim will live which indicates to the reader that he has a slight feeling of remorse as he is partly to blame for paying such a low wage. The Ghost says that if the future is unaltered he will die however then uses Scrooges own words against him saying if he be like to die, he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Hearing these words he hung his head with guilt. He had learnt a lot from that visit and had come to his senses about the poor realizing that they lived every day going hungry, wearing rags, some were ill but couldnt afford treatment. The theme explored during this scene was guilt. The Ghost then takes him to his nephews house where a Christmas party is underway. When they played music all the things that the ghost had shown him, came upon his mind and he gradually softened. Through that if he could have listened to it often, years ago, he might have cultivated the kindness of life for his own happiness with his own hands. This shows that his past experiences with the Ghosts have had a great impact on his character as the sound of music softened and brought kindness to his heart realizing his past mistakes. He reacts in a very different manner compared to his own when everybody starts singing and dancing, he joins in without a care in the world singing and dancing, joining in with the fun. However being in a shadow he couldnt be seen or heard. The Phantom then shows Scrooge two children both wretched, frightful, hideous, miserable ragged where devils lurked from his robe. They were the children of man symbolizing mans Ignorance and Want. Scrooge was told to beware before it vanished. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come has been made the most the most frightening of all described as a phantom moving silently concealing his face and form in a deep black garment. They first went and overheard a conversation between a group of businessmen. They were talking about Scrooges death. They commented on his legacy, however concluded that he left it to his company. They talked about his funeral, not caring at all. One queried whether they should make up a party and volunteer; another replied I dont mind going if a lunch is provided. This shows that Scrooge was a very uncared for person. Scrooge understands that if he changes he could change the course of his future. He tells the spirit that he will change and honor Christmas in all his heart. In the last chapter Scrooge was overcome with joy when he realizes its Christmas day. He tells a passing boy to buy the prize turkey and send it to Bob Cratchits. He went out wishing everyone a Merry Christmas as they went by. He sees the charity workers and tells them to come back later where they will receive payment. He went to his nephews house and joined in the party sharing happiness and joy. The next day he got in early catching his clerk coming in late. Bob thought he was going to get fired; instead Scrooge raised his salary and promised to help his struggling family. From this it shows Scrooge was able to redeem himself in every possible way in contrast to the past. From there on Scrooge kept Christmas in his heart and was a changed man. In conclusion the moral in which Dickens is trying to elicit in his readers is in my opinion that It is never too late to change your ways. You should be kind to yourself and others. Sharing Christian values in every possible way. Dickens shows the differences in society between the rich and the poor and how we should help others to benefit all. Especially highlighting the views and opinions of the poor and how they feel because many people arent aware of these factors.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay

The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay INTRODUCTION Self esteem is all about how much we feel valued, loved, accepted and thought well of by others and how much we value, love and accept ourselves. People with healthy self-esteem are able to feel good about them, appreciate their own worth and take pride in their abilities, skills and accomplishments. People with low self- esteem may feel as if no one will like them or accept them or that they cant do well in anything People with high self esteem tend to be ambitious in what they want to experience in Life, they have a drive to express them and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires. People with low self esteem rarely live their life to the full, they distance themselves from others, denied their love and support, and uncomfortable with success, some of them even take alcohol and drugs. We all experience problems with self esteem at certain times in our lives-especially during our teens figuring out, where we fit in the world. The level of self esteem determines how we operate in life -how we interact with others such as spouse, children, friends, and strangers .It determines our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness. Self esteem has long been believed to play an important role in the use of alcohol; People with alcohol problems often have low self esteem. They judge themselves negatively-not just for their addiction, but also for other parts of their behavior or their personality. Most of the individuals who are addicted to drugs and alcohol are not happy with their lives and live a life of despair and hopelessness, the major symptom is poor self esteem. Poor self esteem is at the heart of an individuals addiction and dependency and there is an inverse relationship between alcohol dependency and self esteem, that if a persons self esteem improves the individuals addictive behavior. 1.1. Need For The Study: Low self esteem is one of the causative factor that vast majority of alcohol addicts share in common, low self esteem is challenging in four areas. First they feel that they lack personal power, secondly many with low self esteem feel lacking the affection and attention of others, thirdly low self esteem results when people feel that they lack virtue, often feel unloved, unappreciated and lastly those possessing low self esteem hold themselves as incompetent in one or more areas. Several researchers have argued that self esteem poses high risk for alcohol abuse in some populations, including adolescents, college students, and females (Donnelly, 2000). Another area of life that Alcoholics with low Self-Esteem often struggle with their occupation. Perhaps they may lack education, information, skill sets, or the belief in their ability to obtain a worthwhile job and so they self-sabotage and then get to the right about the fact that no one wants to hire them. Seeking continuous education is hopeless to those who have such low self-esteem since they see themselves as incapable of excelling in the process of studying, taking exams, and achieving success in all the systems. Low self- esteem can also manifest as a result of ones inability to generate wealth, they see themselves struggling to survive in a world marked by competition, often struggle with their occupation. Those with low self esteem often resort to addictive behaviors in an effort to numb out the pain and escape to a world that allows them a temporary release from their sufferings and problems 1.2. Statement of the Problem: Promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic dependants 1.3. Objectives: 1.3.1 Assessment the self esteem level among alcoholics 1.3.2 Association of self esteem and Alcoholism 1.3.2 Assessment of the effectiveness of self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem among alcoholics. 1.4. Assumptions: 1.4.1. Self esteem level may be low among alcoholic dependants. 1.4.2. Practice of self esteem activities may improve the self esteem level among alcoholic dependants 1.5. Operational Definitions: 1.5.1. PROMOTION- refers to the improvement in level of self esteem among Alcoholic dependants. 1.5.2. SELF ESTEEM- perceived self concept of an alcoholic individual 1.5.3. ALCOHOLICS- a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking. 1.6. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities Among Alcoholics Dependants: Conceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms (Giemman) The conceptual framework is derived from Penders health promotion Model. In this study Individual characteristics and experience by physical, social psychological and occupational problems may change the level of self-esteem of the Alcoholic patients. Self-Esteem activities are promoted based on the patients problems may bring change in the level of self-esteem. It includes perceived benefit of Self-Esteem activities like Individual and Group activities. PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism: A study conducted on self esteem and Alcohol use on 61 Alcoholic dependants who were admitted in a rural Midwestern medical centre. An individuals reactions to his or her social environment are mediated by a sense of self esteem, low levels of self esteem are develop during Socialization. Results suggest that specific form of social support is important to recovering alcoholic dependants (Steffennhagen and Burns, 2006). A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between the amounts of alcohol consumed in the past 30 days and self esteem. A low to moderate correlation was found (r (23) =.250, p>.05). (Jeremy W.Lawing, 2006). A Study conducted on drinking problems and self-Esteem of college students,148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the Personal Self section of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. College Students are having low self Esteem (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%).Result shows an drinking behavior of college students are having low self esteem(()swego,2005). A study was conducted on the effects of self esteem on substance abuse among homeless men. This experimental study involving 305 samples of homeless men was assigned randomly to the treatment group and Control group. Control group was referred to community based services, experimental subjects were exposed to individual therapy, group interventions, life skills and relapse prevention training residing in a 24 Hour shelter for three months. Results indicated that self-esteem was increased in experimental group than in control group (Brandon, 2004). A descriptive study was conducted on self-esteem and alcohol dependants. Study comprises of two groups such as alcoholic dependants as one group and non-alcoholics in another group. Study shown that alcoholic dependants have lowered self esteem compared to non alcoholics self esteem (Donnelly, 2003) A study was conducted to compare the level of self esteem among 30 alcoholics and 30 non alcoholic persons. They are assessed for self esteem using self esteem scale. The results showed that alcoholics had low self esteem when compared to non alcoholics(P A study conducted to identify the relationship between alcohol consumption and self esteem. Study comprises of 26 Samples (Employees of local retail store), their self esteem was assessed by using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Results showed that alcohol consumption is strongly related to self esteem (T.F.Heatherson,2000). A Study conducted on how self esteem influences alcohol consumption Study comprises of 61 samples. Over the course of two weekends self esteem was measured using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Study showed the results that self esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescents drinking behavior, adolescents with high self esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self esteem. (Gerrerd, Russell, 2000 A cross-sectional survey design investigated the relationship of substance use and self esteem. Self -esteem was assessed using Hare Self-esteem Scale. Four hundred and eleven samples were completed the survey. Results revealed that there is a direct relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem (F=12.8,df=2,343,p,.00001).Regardless recent alcohol abusers had the lowest self-esteem scores and never users had the highest scores(F.X.Gibbons,2000). A study says that low self-esteem is the universal common denominator among all people suffering from addictions. Low self-esteem is the true disease and it is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors that plagues the world (Candito, 1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and Alcohol Use Disorders in Early Adulthood. The relation among Self-esteem and Alcohol use disorder diagnoses was examined in a sample of 240 men evaluated at four annual assessments over the college years. The results support clinical observations that low self esteem plays a particularly important it eological role in alcohol problems in men (Fromme.K, 1989). A number of studies have indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, (Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1984). 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism A Study conducted on how group activity has an impact on self esteem among alcoholics. Study comprises 40 samples, 20 patients undergone group activities for 12 weeks in an inpatient setting and 20 patients as control groups. Patients in the intervention group showed significant enhancement in self esteem, social skills and self confidence where as there is no changes observed in control group (John Wiley, 2009) A Study was conducted how utilization of self esteem programs (Holistic Addiction Treatment Programme) plays an important role in Relapse prevention. Study comprises of 145 samples. Results show that 70 to 90 percentages, self esteem programs are effective in Relapse prevention and over all well-being to the treatment of recovering alcoholics (Harry Henshaw, 2007). A Study conducted on self esteem activities among Alcoholic patients. Study comprises of 43 samples, volunteers in the group undergone self esteem activities along with drug treatment, the other group only underwent drug treatment. Pretest-posttest comparison on a variety of physiological parameters indicated that significant improvements had occurred in psychological wellbeing including self esteem, self awareness, lifestyle adaptation and relapse prevention skills. Results suggest that promotion of self esteem activities improves self esteem among alcoholic dependants (Michael Peterson, Bryan johnstone, 2003) A study conducted on self-esteem and alcoholism among high school students total sample was 140(55males and 85 females) high school students. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Moberg, 1983) which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1961). Study has showed that indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink (Butler, 1980; Young, Werch, Brakeman 1989) CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Designing a research involves the development of plan or strategy that will guide the collection and analysis of data. The present study is designed to promote the Self-esteem among Alcoholic Patients. The methodology of the study constitutes research design, setting, population and sampling criteria for the selection of samples and tool for data collection. 3.1. One Group Pre Test Post Test Design: 3.2. Setting: This study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore. The De-Addiction centre consists of 25 bedded 3.3. Population: The overall population for the study was alcoholic patients who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi DE-Addiction Centre from 28.06.2010 to 25.07.2010. 3.4 Sample size And Sampling Technique: Purposive sampling Technique was used to select samples who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre during the period of study.30 patients were selected as samples during the study. 3.5. Criteria for Selection of the Sample: Inclusion Criteria: Patients who were admitted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre Alcoholic patients with Low self esteem Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are not willing to participate in the study. Alcoholic dependants associated with Psychotic symptoms. 3.5. Instruments and Tool for Data Collection: The tool was prepared based on review of literature and guidance of experts from the field of Psychiatry. Section I: This section includes demographic variables like age, education, family Income, occupation, marital status, marital disharmony, Type of Family Duration of Alcohol intake Consumption of alcohol, physical and psychological problems. Section II: This section consists of modified Rutgerss Alcohol Problem Index scale. It is a useful tool to assess the problem index among alcoholic patients. It consists of 15 questions. Section III: This section has an index to measure persons self-esteem. It consists of 20 statements to assess the level of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. Score Interpretation: Self -Esteem Assessment Scale consists of 20 statements of assessment of patients level of self esteem. The total score is 60, patient who scores the item 3 and more than 46 is having low self-esteem. Section IV: This section consists of intervention for Low self -Esteem such as Individual activities and Group activities. Individual Activities: Promoting individually performing activities. The patients are encouraged to do individual activities such as Art writing and Reading Newspapers. Group Activities: Group activities is two or more individuals unite together to promote an same activity. Patients are encouraged to do psychodrama (Group was given a theme, group members act out based on the theme) and Outdoor games (Tenniequots) 3.6. Variables of the study: Independent variable: Self-esteem activities. Dependant variable: Alcoholic dependants. 3.7. Techniques for Data Analysis and Interpretation: The tables were formulated for base line information such as age, education, occupation, type of family, marital disharmony, income per month, amount of alcohol intake, duration of alcohol intake, physical and psychological symptoms. Paired test was used to analyze the significant difference in the level of self-esteem before and after promoting self esteem activities. 3.7.1. Pairedttest: The test was used to point out the effect of promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic patients. t=d SD/ n SD= (d-d) Here d=Mean difference between pretest and posttest score. SD=Standard Deviation of the Pre test and post test Sore n=Number of Samples. Pilot study report Pilot study was conducted for a period of 2 weeks, from 28th May 2010 to 11th May 2010, to test the practicability of the tool and feasibility of conducting the main study. Study was conducted in Psychiatric ward of P S G Hospital. For pilot study 5 samples were selected. Data were collected by interview method. Through the pilot study it was proved that self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem. The researcher would like to continue the study to promote self esteem among alcoholic dependants. Changes brought after pilot study During the pilot study, self esteem level was assessed and found to be low among alcoholic dependants. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence, and data visualizations. 4.1. General Profile of alcoholic Dependants 1. Age Among thirty alcoholic dependants, six patients were at the age of 21-30 years, fifteen patients were at the age of 31-40years, seven patients were at the age between 41-50 years and two patients were between 51-60years. 2. Education Most of the alcoholic dependants were completed their secondary education, seven patients had completed primary education, six patients completed higher secondary education and seven had graduate degree. 3. Occupation: A. Type of Work It was found that ten were doing business, five were farmers, four were engineers, two were bus drivers and there was one from each category like tailor, rashion shop, goldsmith, shopkeeper, hotel supervisor, massion, mandapam decorator, Carpentor, cable TV Manager. B. Hours of Work Hours of work for alcoholic dependants were varying from6-15 hrs. Most of them nineteen were working between 11-15 hrs and eleven patients were working 6-10 hours per day. C. Income per Month Income of alcoholic dependants varied depends upon their occupation, fifteen were earning between Rs.6000-10000 per month, eight patients were earning between Rs.11000-15000 per month, four were earning between Rs.1000-5000 per month, three patients were earning between Rs 16000-20000 per month. D. Conflict in Work Area Majority of alcoholic dependants, twenty expressed no conflict in work area and ten had conflict in their work area. 4. Family history A. Marital status Twenty four patients were married, six patients were unmarried. B. Marital disharmony: Thirty alcoholic dependants came out with the problem of and only eleven patients had no such problems. C. Relationship with spouse: Among the alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were maintaining good relationship with their spouse and twelve patients were not maintaining good relationship with spouse. D. Relationship with children: Twenty two were maintaining good relationship with their children and two patients were not maintaining good relationship with children. E. Type of Family: Among twenty four alcoholic dependants, six patients were from joint family and eighteen from nuclear family. F. Family History of Alcoholism: There is no family history of alcohol intake among twenty five alcoholic dependants and only five patients were having the family history of alcoholism. 5. Social History: A. Social Support: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, one had Peer group support, three had support from friends, and twenty six had family support. 6. Alcoholic History: A. Duration of Alcohol Intake In years: Duration of 11-15-years of alcohol intake was found among fifteen alcoholic dependants, 6-10years among ten alcoholic dependants, 1-5years among three alcoholic dependants and 16-20 years among two alcoholic dependants. B. Consumption of Alcohol started by: Most of the patients twenty five were started consuming alcohol through friends, three started by their relatives and two started by their family members. C. Quantity of Alcohol when started (Bear in ml): Majority of the alcoholic dependants, twenty three started with 100-300ml of bear while seven alcoholic dependants were stated with 700-900ml of bear. D. Quantity of Alcohol at present (Hot): At present eleven alcoholic dependants was consuming 700-900ml of hot which is more than nineteen alcoholic dependants consuming 400-600ml. E. Time of drinking Alcohol: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were taking alcohol in the evening, four were taking alcohol in the morning and evening, fourteen were taking alcohol throughout the day. F. Money spent on Alcohol Consumption: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, most of them twenty two spent Rs 4000-6000per month for alcohol consumption seven spent Rs7000-9000 per month and one spent Rs 1000-3000 per month. G. Motivation for treatment of Alcoholism: Maximum number of patients thirteen were motivated by self, seven were motivated by already treated patients in de-addiction centre, five were motivated by family members and five were motivated by Relatives. H. Reason for Alcoholism: Seventeen patients were started on alcoholism due to psychological factors such as wifes death, job stress etc, thirteen patients were started due to peer group pressure and none had the reason of physical and psychiatric illness. TABLE 4 1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS 1 AGE IN YEARS 21-30 6 31-40 15 41-50 7 51-65 2 2 EDUCATION Primary 7 Secondary 10 Higher secondary 6 Graduate 7 3 OCCUPATION A.TYPE OF WORK Business 10 Farmer 5 Tailor 1 Accountant in Rashionshop 1 Goldsmith 1 Hotel Supervisor 1 Driver 2 Construction Worker 1 Engineers 4 Mandapam Decorator 1 Carpenter 1 Cable T.V. Manager 1 B.HOURS OF WORK 6 10 11 11 15 19 C.INCOME PER MONTH 1000-5000 4 6000-10,000 15 11,000-15,000 8 16,000-20,000 3 D.CONFLICT IN WORK AREA Present 10 Absent 20 4 FAMILY HISTORY A.MARITAL HISTORY Married 24 Single 6 B.MARITAL DISHARMONY Present 13 Absent 11 C.RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE Maintains good relationship 12 Not maintains good relationship 12 D.RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILDREN Maintains good relationship 22 Not maintains good relationship 2 E.TYPE OF FAMILY Joint family 6 Nuclear family 18 F.FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM Present 5 Absent 25 SOCIAL HISTORY A.SOCIAL SUPPORT Neighbors 0 Peer group 1 Friends 3 Family 26 5 ALCOHOLIC HISTORY A.DURATION OF ALCOHOL INTAKE IN YEARS 1 5 3 6 10 10 11 15 15 16-20 2 B.CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL STARTED BY Friends 25 Family members 2 Relatives 3 Self 0 C.QUANTITY OF ALCOHOL WHEN STARTED (BEAR) ML 100-300 23 400-600 7 700-900 0 D.QUQNTITY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT PRESENT(HOT)ML 100-300 0 400-600 19 700-900 11 E.TIME OF DRINKING ALCOHOL Morning 0 Evening 12 Both 4 Throughout the Day 14 F.MONEY SPENT ON ALCOHOLISM 1000-3000 1 4000-6000 22 7000-9000 7 G.MOTIVATION FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM Family members 5 Relatives 5 Self 13 Treated patients 0 H.REASON FOR ALCOHOLISM Physical Illness 0 Psychiatric Illness 0 Psychological Illness 17 Peer group Influence 13 4.2. Assessment of Problem Index among Alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, Majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, neglected by relatives, advised by relatives and friends, to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty,neede more alcohol to get the same effect previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. TABLE 2 ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM INDEX n=30 S.No PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 1 Not Able To Work 10 15 5 0 2 Neglected Responsibilities 10 15 5 0 3 Had Fight With Others 20 5 5 0 4 Neglected By Relatives 10 14 6 0 5 Advised By friends, neighbours, relatives to stop alcohol 0 20 10 0 6 Kept Promised To Stop Drinking 10 12 8 0 7 Noticed A Change In Personality 12 16 2 0 8 Felt Guilty 0 23 7 0 9 Forgetting Places 16 14 0 0 10 Fainted Suddenly 26 4 0 0 11 Gone Suddenly 26 3 1 0 12 Needed More Alcohol To Get The same Effect As Of previous One 0 20 6 4 13 Tried To Control Drinking 16 8 6 0 14 Stopped Drinking Because Of Withdrawal Symptoms 20 10 0 0 15 Felt physical or Psychologically dependant On Alcohol 0 16 10 4 Score Interpretation: 1.None of the Time, 2.1-2 Time, 3.3-4 Times, 4.More than five times 4.3. Assessment of Level of Self-Esteem among alcoholic Dependants: Fifty one patients were got admitted in kasthuriba Gandhi de-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore in the month of July. Among them thirty alcoholic dependants were selected for the study based on the exclusion criteria. Level of self-esteem was assessed for each patient by using self-esteem assessment tool. All thirty alcoholic dependants were having low self-esteem that they become anger when criticized, afraid to try new things, showing difficulty in performing social activities and social interaction. All the alcoholic Dependants were scored the level of self-esteem score between50-60. 4.4. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities: Self-Esteem activities are promoted by scheduling as individual and group activities. Individual activities are promoted in the morning and group activities are promoted in the evening to boost up self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants. TABLE 3 Self-Esteem Activities Protocol S. No Time Activities 1 Morning Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Afternoon Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Psychodrama 3.30-5.00Pm B. Tenniquoite TABLE 4 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pre test 1. Self- Esteem Score (>46) 30 SCORE INTERPRETATION: Problems with low self-esteem are indicated by a total score higher than 46 TABLE 5 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pretest Post test 1. Self-Esteem Score( 30 0 TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(>46) 30 30 2. Self-Esteem Score( 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic Dependants were scored > 46 before promoting Self-Esteem activities. But after promoting Self-Esteem Activities they have scored TABLE 7 Difference in pretest and Posttest Self-Esteem Score of Alcoholic Dependants S. No Pretest Score Posttest Score Difference 1 56 33 23 2 54 36 22 3 56 32 24 4 56 32 24 5 55 30 25 6 54 33 21 7 52 34 22 8 52 33 21 9 55 33 22 10 55 32 23 11 54 31 23 12 54 30 24 13 56 33 23 14 54 31 23 15 55 32 23 16 56 33 23 17 56 33 23 18 54 33 21